ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY AND BREEDING SYSTEMS IN ASIA

Abstract

Climate change poses a growing threat to global livestock systems by intensifying thermal stress and disrupting physiological, productive, and reproductive functions in cattle. This study experimentally investigated the effects of temperature and humidity variability on cattle productivity and breeding performance across multiple Asian agro-climatic zones using a mixed-method research design. Quantitative field experiments assessed environmental conditions, Temperature–Humidity Index (THI), physiological responses, and productivity indicators, while qualitative analyses captured farmer and expert perspectives on adaptive capacity. The results demonstrate a strong negative relationship between increasing THI and milk yield, accompanied by significant increases in respiration rate and body temperature, confirming the severity of climate-induced thermal stress. Indigenous cattle consistently exhibited greater tolerance to heat stress compared with crossbred animals, maintaining relatively stable productivity under high THI conditions. Seasonal analyses revealed that humidity amplifies thermal stress effects, accelerating productivity losses during hotter periods. Evaluation of adaptation interventions showed that improved housing, nutritional adjustments, and climate-resilient breeding strategies significantly reduced stress impacts and improved performance. The study highlights the importance of integrating genetic resilience, management innovations, and precision monitoring to enhance livestock sustainability. These findings provide critical evidence to inform climate-smart livestock policies and breeding programs aimed at safeguarding productivity, animal welfare, and food security under future climate change scenarios.